300-In-1 Electronic Project Lab (280-0270) Identifying The Separate Parts Faxback Doc. # 19468 The kit includes many small parts you will use to build projects. Use the following explanations and the chart in "Reading a Schematic" to identify the separate parts and their purpose. Integrated Circuit or IC - is a package of hundreds of other components, transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.. This kit includes seven kinds of ICs. The ICs require electric power to operate. The notch on the IC shows the direction of the IC. The pin left to the notch is Pin 1 of the IC. Then count downward for the pin numbers. When you reach the end of the IC, move across to the right and count up. Try counting with the IC labeled 4011. If you count the pin right of the notch as Pin 14, you counted correctly. Remember this, because it is very important to correctly identify the IC pin numbers. Since most ICs in the kit are very sensitive to static electricity, keep the ICs stuck into their protective antistatic foam when you are not using them. Also, use your kit in areas free from static electricity and touch a grounded nearby metal object to discharge static before you start any project. The various ICs are as follows: NAND IC - has the number 4011. (Other letters or numbers might appear before and after this number, but these are codes for IC manufacturers and mean nothing for our work.) This and the NOR ICs are Gate ICs. These ICs change the output signal status depending on the level of input signals. The NAND IC's output is low (about 0 volts) when all the inputs are high (about 5 volts). The NAND IC has four NAND gates. See the following diagram. NOR IC - carries the number 4001. The output is low when either of the inputs (or both) are high. This IC also has four gates. Counter IC - carries the number 4029. This IC counts the number of pulses applied to the input pin and outputs the number of counts. The two ways it counts are binary or binary coded decimal (normally abbreviated as BCD). Also, the IC can count up or down. To use the IC as a binary counter, Pin 9 must connect to 6 volts of power. To use the IC as a BCD counter, Pin 9 must connect to ground. To count up (1-2-3-...) connect Pin 10 to 6 volts. To count down 10-9-8-...), connect Pin 10 to ground. BCD to 7-Segment Decoder IC - carries the number 4511. This IC decodes the BCD input to a normal number and displays it on the LED display. Flip-Flop IC - carries the number 4027. When a pulse input occurs, the ICs output changes. Each time it receives a signal, the output "flips" and "flops." This IC has two independent flip- flop circuits. Audio Power Amplifier IC - carries BA546 marking. This IC increases (amplifies) the audio frequency signal level. Audio frequency signals have a frequency level that you can hear. Operational Amplifier IC - Carries BA10324 marking. In this kit, you will mainly use this IC as a comparator. A comparator compares the level of the two input signals. When the level applied to the negative (-) terminal is higher than the level of the positive (+) terminal, the output becomes high. Transistors - have three pins named emitter, collector, and base, from left to right with the flat side facing you. The transistor changes the current flow from its collector to emitter depending on how much voltage is added to the base. With this characteristic, you use transistors as switches, amplifiers, and oscillators. Diodes (except Zener Diode) - let electrons flow through them in one direction. The electrons flow only from cathode to anode. The diodes have a band on the cathode side. On schematics, diodes are shown as triangle arrow. The electrons flow in the opposite direction of the arrow. The kit includes four types of diodes. Zener Diode - has a set standard, or zener, voltage. When the voltage applied in reverse direction to the arrow exceeds the zener voltage, the diode lets electrons flow. The zener diode is the smallest, glass-type diode. The kit contains only one. Rectifier Diode - is the black, plastic-type diode. The kit contains only one. Germanium Diode - is the longest, glass-type diode. The kit contains only one. Silicon Diodes - are the remaining glass-type diodes. The kit contains six. Capacitors - carry a three-digit number that tells you its value (electrostatic capacity). The first digits indicate the value, and the last one indicates the number of zeros that follow. If a capacitor carries the number "104," it means that the value is 10 and is followed by four zeros. So, the capacitor is 100,000 pF (this is the unit of electrostatic capacity). But in schematics you'll see in this manual, a larger unit microF, is used to indicate the capacitor value. 1 microF is equivalent to 1,000,000 pF, so 100,000 pF = 0.1 microF. Electrolytic Capacitors - are tubular and blue or green with a negative symbol (-) at one end. When building a project, you must correctly connect the negative (-) side of an electrolytic capacitor. Ceramic Disk Capacitors - are disc type and brown. You can connect them in any way. Semi-Fixed Resistor - an adjustable resistor that is used to tune notes on this kit. Earphone - lets you listen to sounds through it instead of the speaker. It also uses less electricity than the speaker. Wires - connect one row to another, a column to another column, or the breadboard to a switch or terminal. There are five different colors of wires in different lengths. All the wires work the same way, but are different lengths and colors so you can easily identify which wire you want to use. Resistors - oppose the flow of electrons. They are brown tubular objects with brown bands around them. The color bands show the resistor's value. The value determines how strongly the resistor opposes to the electron flow. We measure the value in a unit called ohms. See "Using Resistors" for more information. (br/all-02/22/96)